1976 – Congress first restricted bankruptcy discharge for federal student loans.
Loans couldn’t be discharged during the first 5 years of repayment unless the borrower could prove “undue hardship.”
Passed during President Gerald Ford’s term (Republican).
1990 – The waiting period was extended from 5 years to 7 years.
Signed by President George H. W. Bush (Republican).
1998 – The 7-year rule was removed entirely for federal loans, meaning they could only be discharged under “undue hardship” no matter how old the loan was.
Signed by President Bill Clinton (Democrat).
2005 – Private student loans were also made non-dischargeable in most cases (same “undue hardship” rule).
Part of the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act, signed by President George W. Bush (Republican).
Sounds like “all of them”