Decisions regarding the installation of bicycle infrastructure require evidence of whether and to what extent different bicycle-lane types increase ridership. However, associations between bicycle infrastructure and ridership have primarily been studied in the context of individual lanes and corridors, or when analyzed at the scale of entire cities, generalized across different bike-lane types. Drawing upon 72 million bikeshare trips from Citi Bike in New York, we demonstrate that there is an approximately 18% increase in bikeshare trips at adjacent stations in the 12 months following the installation of protected bike lanes and a 14% increase associated with painted bike lanes and ‘sharrows.’ However, using propensity score matching and difference-in-differences analysis to compare bike stations with similar surrounding social and built-environment characteristics, we find a causal effect on bikeshare ridership only after the installation of protected bike lanes, with an average monthly increase of 379 rides per station (p < 0.001).